Publications

Shaffer, F.A., Bakhshi, M., Cook, K., Álvarez, T.D. (2022). International Nurse Recruitment Beyond the COVID-19 Pandemic: Considerations for the Nursing Workforce Leader. Nurse Leader, 20(2): 161-167. DOI: 10.1016/j.mnl.2021.12.001

Rocco, G., Affonso, D., Caruso, R., Duka, B., Giardina, B., Notarnicola, I., Sabatino, L., Shaffer, F.A., Stievano, Al. (2021). Nursing in Albania: A Catalytic Force in Transforming Health Professionals and Health Care. Journal of Nurse Scholarship, 53(4): 479-489. DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12655

Stievano, A., Bakhshi, M., Shaffer, F.A., Hamilton, D. (2021). Ethical Challenges and Nursing Recruitment During COVID-19. Nursing Ethics, 28(1): 6-8. DOI: 10.1177/0969733021989180

De Raeve, P., Davidson, P.M., Shaffer, F.A., Pol, E., Kumar Pandey, A., Adams, E. (2021). Leveraging the Trust of Nurses to Advance a Digital Agenda in Europe: A Critical Review of Health Policy Literature, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13231.2

Shaffer, F.A., Bakhshi, M.A., Cook, K.N., Álvarez, T.D. (2021). The Contributions of Immigration Nurses in the U.S. During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A CGFNS International Study. Nurse Leader, 19(2), 198-203. DOI: 10.1016/j.mnl.2020.11.007

Shaffer, F.A., Rocco, G., Stievano, A. (2020). Nurse and Health Professional Migration During COVID-19. Prof Inferm, 73(3): 129-130. DOI: 10.7429/pi.2020.733129

Shaffer, F. A., Curtin, L. (August 2020).  Nurse turnover: Understand it, reduce it.  American Nurse Journal, 15(8).

https://www.myamericannurse.com/nurse-turnover-understand-it-reduce-it/

Because of the stress involved in nursing, many healthcare organizations have high rates of nurse turnover. The cost of nurse turnover can have a huge impact on a hospital’s profit margin. Managing turnover is about mindfully creating a workplace culture that supports high performers financially, intellectually, and psychologically while at the same time providing a means to efficiently and fairly weed out poor performers.

Shaffer, F. A., Sciasci, N. G., & Álvarez, T. D. (October/December 2019). Disrupting Policy and Practice: Refugees Shaping the Future. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(4), 370–373. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000368 

The focus of this article is to identity how refugees, specifically refugee nurses, are reshaping standard policy practices when it comes to integration and inclusion, as well as economic and social well-being. It is critical for societies to recognize refugee nurses’ professional qualifications, skills, and abilities in order to address the ongoing shortages of health professionals that many nations are facing today. 

 

Shaffer, F. A., & Preziosi, P. (October/December 2019). Digital Health: Join the Movement. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(4), 351–353. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000371 

Digital health is on the precipice of a major breakthrough to disrupt the traditional models of health care delivery. Health professionals, regardless of what part of the healthcare industry they serve, must embrace this disruption wholeheartedly in practice, education, and regulation. 

Preziosi, P., & Shaffer, F. A. (October/December 2019). Evolution of Care and Nursing: Moving with the Patients. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(4), 329–332. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000372 

As the baby boomer generation ages, we will see dramatic growth in healthcare spending, which will influence the health care market in new ways. Nurses now have more tools (ie, mHealth, telemedicine, and electronic health records) that they can use to provide assistance to their practices outside of acute care settings. These realities are all contributors to an evolving trend: retail health. 

Shaffer, F. A. (2019). Overview and Summary: Past, Present, and Future: Nurses Address the Times of Our Lives. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 24(2). doi: 10.3912/OJIN.Vol24No02ManOS 

In a world of uncertainty, nurses should: become more entrepreneurial, embrace technological advancement, and globalize their mindset and practices. The power of nursing extends beyond bedside. By learning from our experiences as well as our mistakes, nurses can adapt and evolve to fit the needs of the future. 

Shaffer, F., Bakhshi, M., Farrell, N., & Álvarez, T. (January/March 2019). The Role of Nurses in Advancing the Objectives of the Global Compacts for Migration and on Refugees.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 10–18. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000328 

Nurses are facilitators of migration and can help ensure that the benefits of migration are maximized and the challenges are mitigated. Often, nurses are migrants themselves. Leveraging nurses’ knowledge, experience, talents, and compassion is crucial for attaining the objectives of both the Global Compact for Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees. 

Shaffer, F. A. (January/March 2019). Guest Editorial.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 43(1), 3. doi: 10.1097/NAQ.0000000000000323 

The greater nursing community work together to become globally competent, evolving beyond traditional, inward models of thinking by taking on a more global approach—in education, research, practice, and beyond—to help tackle some of the leading issues facing humanity. 

Stievano, A., Caruso, R., Pittella, F., Shaffer, F. A., Rocco, G., & Fairman, J. (2018). Shaping nursing profession regulation through history – a systematic review.  International Nursing Review, 66(1), 17–29. doi: 10.1111/inr.12449 

The research explored factors that historically influenced the socio-contextual circumstances upon which governments made regulatory changes. A deeper understanding of the developments of the nursing regulatory institutions provides the foundation for portable standards that can be applied across an array of jurisdictions to guarantee a better public safety. 

Shaffer, F., Bakhshi, M., & Jacobs, A. (April/June 2018). Advocating to Protect Our Nurses: Addressing Unethical Recruitment of Foreign-Educated nurses.  Nursing Administration Quarterly, 42(2), 107–114. doi: 10.1097/naq.0000000000000274 

The Alliance for Ethical International Recruitment Practices’ Health Care Code for Ethical Recruitment and Employment Practices and WHO’s Global Code of Practice represent important models for collaboration across diverse stakeholder groups to promote the rights of foreign-educated nurses in an era of increasing nurse migration.

Shaffer, F. A., Robinson, M. A., Dutka, J. T., & Tuttas, C. (2016). A New Model for Assessing Entry-Level Education of Internationally Educated Nurses: A Retrospective Perspective. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 6(4), 51–57. doi: 10.1016/s2155-8256(16)31008-0 

No formal international standard for nursing education exists; therefore, the scope of practice and the role of the nurse may differ from one country to another. Licensing authorities in destination countries should aim to provide a fair, valid, and consistent assessment of internationally-educated nurses.  The researchers used the partnership between the NNAS and CGFNS as a model, which has provided a conceptual framework for credential assessment for the nursing profession and beyond. 

Shaffer, F. A., Bakhshi, M., To Dutka, J., & Phillips, J. (2016). Code for ethical international recruitment practices: the CGFNS alliance case study.  Human Resources for Health, 14(S1), 113–119. doi: 10.1186/s12960-016-0127-6 

The case study describes a multi-stakeholder effort to promote ethical recruitment practices and offers both a historical perspective and a conceptual framework for examining the multiplicity of factors affecting the migration of human resources for health. The lessons learned provide critical insights into the factors pertaining to the relevancy and effectiveness of the WHO Global Code of Practice, as well as recommendations for strengthening the effectiveness of the WHO Code.  

Benton, D. C., & Shaffer, F. A. (2016). Human Resources for Health 2030 and the regulatory agenda. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(6), 705–707. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12420 

In this editorial, the authors discuss the need for regulatory reform that needs to take place internationally in order to make progress towards achieving universal health coverage and the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. 

Benton, D., & Shaffer, F. A. (2016). How the nursing profession can contribute to sustainable development goals. Nursing Management, 23(7), 29–34. doi: 10.7748/nm.2016.e1534 

This article reports the results of a scientometrics analysis of the published literature related to the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals indexed in CINAHL, which identified the underlying themes addressed by nurses and midwives. Although nursing was slow to engage with the MDG agenda, it has made some progress in contributing to SDG scholarship. So far this contribution has been narrowly focused, but the profession could contribute to all 17 of the SDG goals. 

Franklin A. Shaffer, EdD, RN, FAAN, FFNMRCSI, Mukul Bakhshi, JD, and Esther M. Kim, MSN, RN, CNRN, Nurse Leader, pages 40-43, 48, October 2015

Sherwood, G. D., & Shaffer, F. A. (2014). The role of internationally educated nurses in a quality, safe workforce. Nursing Outlook, 62(1), 46–52. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.11.001 

This article examines nurse migration and employment of internationally educated nurses in the context of supporting and maintaining safe, quality patient care environments via regulations governing their movement, educational comparability, and quality and safety competencies that meet certain standards. 

Shaffer, Franklin A., American Nurse Today, Vol. 9, Number 5, May 2014

Shaffer, Franklin A. Journal of Infusion Nursing, Volume 37, Number 3, May/June 2014

Shaffer, F. A., Davis, C. R., Dutka, J. T., & Richardson, D. R. (2014). The Future of Nursing. Journal of Transcultural Nursing, 25(4), 388–394. doi: 10.1177/1043659614523474 

The 2010 Institute of Medicine report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health, challenges the nursing profession to take a key role in redesigning the healthcare system. This article addresses four IOM recommendations relevant to internationally educated nurses and their policy implications: nurse residency programs, lifelong learning, leading change to advance health, and interprofessional health care workforce data. 

MacLean L, Hassmiller S, Shaffer F, Rohrbaugh K, Collier T, and Fairman J. Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 35, pages 443-457, March 2014

Shaffer, F. A. (2014). Ensuring a global workforce: A challenge and opportunity. Nursing Outlook, 62(1), 1–4. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2013.08.001 

Nurses represent a major sector of the workforce in the global economy, and their movement from country to country is a critical concern for both source and destination countries. This guest editorial discusses the myriad of legal, economic, cultural, social, and educational ramifications associated with the globalization of the nursing workforce. 

Sherwood G, Shaffer F. Nursing Outlook, Volume 62, Issue 1, pages 46-52, January 2014

Pittman P, Davis C, Shaffer F, Herrera, C-N, Bennett, C. American Journal of Nursing, Volume 114, Issue 1 – pages 26–35, January 2014

Pittman, P., Davis, C., Shaffer, F. A., Herrera, C.-N., & Bennett, C. (2014). Original Research. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 114(1), 26–35. doi: 10.1097/01.naj.0000441792.93279.29 

Researchers asked foreign-educated nurses recruited to work in the U.S. about their hourly wages; clinical and cultural orientation; wages, benefits, and shift or unit assignments; and job satisfaction. They found that 51% reported receiving insufficient orientation and 40% reported at least one discriminatory practice with regard to wages, benefits, or shift or unit assignments, raising practical and ethical concerns. 

Shaffer F, Maliszewski S. American Nurse Today, Volume 8, Number 12, December 2013

Shaffer, F. A., & Dutka, J. T. (2013). Global Mobility for Internationally Educated Nurses: Challenges and Regulatory Implications. Journal of Nursing Regulation, 4(3), 11–16. doi: 10.1016/s2155-8256(15)30124-1 

This article presents the challenges and regulatory implications of nurses entering the United States on an occupational visa and in applying for a license to practice. 

Tuttas C. Nurse Leader, Volume 11, Issue 4, pages 43-46, August 2013

Pittman P, Herrera C, Spetz J, Davis CR., Medical Research and Review, Volume 69, Number 3, pages 351-365, June 2012

Shaffer F, To Dutka J. Journal of Nursing Regulation, Volume 3, Number 1, pages 26-31, January – February 2012

Shaffer F. Medical Tourism Magazine, September 29, 2011

Nichols, B.N., Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R. In A. Debisette and J. Vessey (Eds.) Annual Review of Nursing Research, Volume 28, Nursing Workforce Issues, Chapter 5, 2011

Nichols B, Shaffer F, Porter C. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 4, pages 354-359, October/December 2011

Shaffer F. Nursing Administration Quarterly, Volume 35, Issue 4, p 291, October/November 2011

Nichols, B.N., Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R., Power and politics in nursing and health care, sixth edition, pages 401-408, Philadelphia: Saunder/Elsevier, 2011

Nichols, B. Davis, C.R., & Richardson, D.R. In Institute of Medicine (Ed.) The Future of Nursing: Leading change, advancing health (Appendix J). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

What You Need to Know About Health Care and the Allied Health Professions in the United States Davis C, Nichols B eds (2010)

What You Need to Know About Nursing and Health Care in the United States Davis C, Nichols B eds (2009)

Haour-Knipe M, Davies A. 2008

Nichols, B., Davis, C.R., & Gessert, C.E., The American Journal of Public Health, December 2007

Nichols B. White Paper from the 2008 FAST Health Workshop Nursing, Health & Environment in the Mid East, Doha, Qatar, March 23-25, 2007

The Impact of Global Nurse Migration on Health Services Delivery,” Nichols B, 2007

Little L, Buchan J. 2007

CGFNS International, Inc., In D.H. Berger, J.P. Curran, & W.A. Stock (Eds), The immigration nurse book, New York: ILW.com. Contributing CGFNS author, 2007

Edwards, P., & Davis, C. R., Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, Volume 37 #6, pages 265-9, 2006

Padilla P. NSNA Imprint, February/March 2006

Adams E, Kennedy A, 2006

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

Davis, C.R., & Kritek, P.B., Healthy work environments: Foreign nurse recruitment best practices,Washington, DC: American Organization of Nurse Executives, pages 2-11, 2005

Davis, C.R., In P. Kritek (Ed.), Building global alliances II: The evolving healthcare migration, Philadelphia, PA, pages 33-36, 2005

Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

iken LH, Buchan J, Sochalski J, Nichols B, Powell M. Health Affairs, Volume 23, Issue 3, pages 69–77, 2004

Davis CR. NSNA Imprint, February/March 2004

Davis CR. Nursing 2004 Career Directory, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Davis CR. Nursing 2003 Career Directory, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Springhouse, PA, pages 86-88, 2003

Davis CR. A survey by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools

Davis CR, Nichols BL. Journal of Nursing Administration,Volume 26, Number 2, pages 43-51, 2002

Davis, C.R. In M.P. Lenn & B.D. Miller (Eds.) The foundation of globalization of higher education and the professions Washington, DC: Center for Quality Assurance in International Education, pages 109-112, 1999

Davis, C.R., & Maroun, V.M. In J. Dienemann (Ed.) Creating a climate for cultural competence, pages 33-43, 1997

by the Commission on Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools